Strategy 4: Evaluate management scenarios and select a course of action

Strategy 3: Set targets and design monitoring

“Although it is difficult to predict the exact amount of stress that will trigger a tipping point, warning signs that precede the tipping point can be instrumental in avoiding collapse.” – Selkoe et al. 2015

Strategy 2: Define management objectives in relation to ecosystem state

“Defining thresholds and setting precautionary buffers can be viewed as setting the boundaries of a system’s ‘‘safe operating space,’’ in which risk of unwanted regime shift is low and resilience is high” – Selkoe et al. 2015

Strategy 1. Characterize tipping points in your system

"Identifying how and at what level activities and actions lead to ecosystem tipping points is highly relevant to choosing effective management targets and limits" - Selkoe et al. 2015